Have you ever wondered how your environment and lifestyle choices can influence your genetic makeup? Epigenetics explains how such factors can alter your gene’s DNA. These modifications do not affect the DNA sequence, unlike in genetic changes. Instead, they add or remove epigenetic marks that can affect how your genes work.
Epigenetic research deciphers the intricate development of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. It also enriches our comprehension of personalized medicine, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
5 Common Questions About Epigenetics
Acquiring a deep understanding of epigenetics opens new ways for revolutionary advancements in healthcare. We have compiled frequently asked questions about epigenetics and provided answers to help you learn more about its functions and benefits.
What is the difference between genetics and epigenetics?
Genetics focuses on the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity. It examines the DNA sequences that determine inherited traits, characteristics, diseases, and genetic predispositions. All genetic changes are typically permanent, and the development of phenotypic traits uses the genetic information passed down through genes.
Epigenetics explores the changes in heritable traits in the gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. External factors such as lifestyle choices and the environment influence gene activity and regulate which genes become active or inactive.
Can epigenetic changes be reversed?
Yes, epigenetic changes are reversible through various methods. Researchers have discovered epigenetic drugs or inhibitors that modify or remove an epigenetic mark. Taking these drugs restores the normal function of intended genes and can be instrumental in treating certain cancers. Another way to reverse these changes is to improve stress management, exercise regularly, and maintain a healthy diet.
What are the different classes of epigenetics modifications?
Epigenetic modifications belong to several distinct classes that involve changes to the DNA molecule or the associated proteins. The main types of epigenetic changes include:
DNA Methylation
DNA methylation occurs when a chemical group attaches to the DNA molecule. This epigenetic change turns genes off or represses gene expression by preventing proteins from binding to DNA. In contrast, DNA demethylation removes the methyl group and activates genes.
Histone Modification
Histones are essential for gene expression. They are basic proteins in cell nuclei that provide structural support for chromosomes. They organize DNA into nucleosomes and collectively form the chromatin structure.
When exposed to acetylation, methylation, or other chemical modifications, histones become more tightly or loosely packed. Tightly packed histones disable gene expression because the DNA becomes less accessible. The opposite happens with loosely packed histones.
Non-coding RNA
Non-coding RNAs regulate gene expression by binding to coding RNAs. They recruit select proteins to break down coding RNAs and inhibit the latter’s translation into proteins. They also work with proteins to modify histones.
What is the role of epigenetics in cancer research?
Epigenetic modifications increase your risk for cancer because they can activate oncogenes or silence tumor-suppressor genes. For instance, increased DNA methylation leads to decreased BRCA1 gene expression, contributing to inherited and sporadic breast tumor growth.
By monitoring different DNA methylation patterns, researchers can identify which type of cancer a patient has and recommend innovative cancer treatments. They can also use epigenetics to detect silent or asymptomatic cancers and utilize targeted therapies to reverse these modifications and restore normal gene expression.
How do epigenetics affect us before birth?
The diet, stress, and exposure to toxins experienced by the mother can trigger epigenetic modifications in the developing fetus. These changes can affect the baby’s health outcomes and make it more susceptible to certain diseases later in life. They are also instrumental in ensuring the cells develop specialized functions in various organs and tissues.
Sources:
https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5075137
https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1755-8794-8-S1-S5
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/epigenome/
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Understanding-the-Vital-Role-of-Epigenetics-in-Cancer.aspx
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658361217300574
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-genetics-and-vs-epigenetics/
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-genetics-and-epigenetics/
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-genetics-and-vs-epigenetics/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070783/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10815-022-02451-x
